Made with ❤️ by Houssine H@sni
| Tense | Form | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | Base form / Base form + s | Habits, facts, general truths | She works every day. |
| Present Continuous | am/is/are + -ing | Actions happening now, temporary situations | I am studying now. |
| Present Perfect | have/has + past participle | Completed actions with present relevance | They have finished their work. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | have/has + been + -ing | Actions that started in the past and continue | He has been working for 3 hours. |
| Tense | Form | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Past | Past form | Completed actions in the past | She visited Paris last year. |
| Past Continuous | was/were + -ing | Actions in progress in the past | I was reading when you called. |
| Past Perfect | had + past participle | Actions completed before another past action | They had left before I arrived. |
| Past Perfect Continuous | had + been + -ing | Actions that were ongoing before another past action | He had been studying for hours. |
| Tense | Form | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Future | will + base form | Predictions, promises, spontaneous decisions | It will rain tomorrow. |
| Future Continuous | will + be + -ing | Actions that will be in progress at a future time | I will be traveling next week. |
| Future Perfect | will + have + past participle | Actions that will be completed by a future time | She will have graduated by June. |
| Going to | am/is/are + going to + base form | Plans, intentions, predictions with evidence | We are going to move next month. |
1. "I have been waiting for you for two hours."
2. "By next year, they will have completed the project."
3. "She was cooking dinner when I called."
4. "We are going to visit Paris next summer."
1. I _____ (live) in this city since 2010.
2. By the time you arrive, we _____ (finish) the meeting.
3. She _____ (already / leave) when I got there.
4. Look at those clouds! It _____ (rain).
1. When I _____ (arrive) at the station, the train _____ (already/leave).
2. At 8 PM tonight, we _____ (watch) the movie.
3. She _____ (work) here for five years before she got promoted.
4. I'm sure they _____ (finish) the project by next Friday.
5. Right now, she _____ (study) for her final exams.
Infinitive: "to" + base form of verb (to eat, to go, to study)
Gerund: base form + "-ing" used as a noun (eating, going, studying)
Used after:
Modal verbs:
• I can speak three languages.
• You should study harder.
• We must leave now.
Make/Let/Have:
• Please let me go.
• Don't make me wait.
• I'll have him call you.
Perception verbs:
• I saw him leave the building.
• We heard her sing beautifully.
• Did you notice her arrive?
Common verbs: want, need, decide, plan, hope, expect, promise, refuse, agree, learn, forget, remember
• I want to travel around the world.
• She decided to study medicine.
• We hope to see you soon.
Common verbs: enjoy, finish, mind, avoid, suggest, practice, keep, stop, consider, admit, deny, imagine
• I enjoy reading books.
• She finished writing her essay.
• We should avoid making noise.
| Verb | + Infinitive | + Gerund |
|---|---|---|
| Remember | Remember to do something (future action) | Remember doing something (past action) |
| Forget | Forget to do something (didn't do it) | Forget doing something (did it but don't remember) |
| Stop | Stop to do something (pause to do something) | Stop doing something (cease an activity) |
| Try | Try to do something (attempt/effort) | Try doing something (experiment/test) |
1. I enjoy _____ to music in my free time.
2. Don't forget _____ your homework tomorrow.
3. She stopped _____ a coffee on her way to work.
4. You should _____ more vegetables.
5. I saw him _____ the building quickly.
1. Please let me _____ (help) you with that.
2. I remember _____ (meet) her at the party last year.
3. Would you mind _____ (open) the window?
4. We heard the birds _____ (sing) in the morning.
5. Try _____ (use) a different approach to solve this problem.
1. I'd rather _____ (go) to the beach than stay home.
2. He denied _____ (steal) the money.
3. We had better _____ (leave) now before it gets dark.
4. She postponed _____ (make) the decision until next week.
5. I felt the ground _____ (shake) during the earthquake.
6. Do you fancy _____ (come) to the cinema tonight?
Structure: If + past perfect, would have + past participle
Example: If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
The third conditional is used to talk about:
Standard form:
• If she had left earlier, she would have caught the train.
• If we had known about the party, we would have come.
Other modal verbs:
• If I had seen him, I could have told him the news.
• If they had asked me, I might have helped them.
Inverted form (formal):
• Had I known about the meeting, I would have attended.
• Had she studied more, she would have succeeded.
1. If I _____ (know) you were coming, I _____ (prepare) dinner.
2. If they _____ (not miss) the bus, they _____ (arrive) on time.
3. If she _____ (study) harder, she _____ (pass) the exam.
4. If we _____ (leave) earlier, we _____ (not be) late.
1. _____ (you/help) me if I had asked you?
2. If I _____ (be) you, I _____ (not say) that. (Mixed advice about past)
3. If only I _____ (listen) to your advice!
4. _____ (she/not work) so hard, she wouldn't have gotten sick.
1. I wish I _____ (save) more money when I was younger.
2. If you _____ (not remind) me, I _____ (forget) about the meeting.
3. _____ (I/know) the answer, I would have told you immediately.
4. If only we _____ (bring) an umbrella! Now we're completely soaked.
5. She _____ (not be) so tired now if she _____ (go) to bed earlier last night.
Active: The chef cooks the meal. (Subject does the action)
Passive: The meal is cooked by the chef. (Subject receives the action)
| Tense | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | She writes the letter | The letter is written by her |
| Simple Past | She wrote the letter | The letter was written by her |
| Present Perfect | She has written the letter | The letter has been written by her |
| Future Simple | She will write the letter | The letter will be written by her |
| Modal Verbs | She can write the letter | The letter can be written by her |
1. "The company launched a new product last month."
2. "Scientists have discovered a new species."
3. "They will build a new hospital next year."
1. The report _____ by the team yesterday.
2. Someone _____ my car last night!
3. The windows _____ every week.
4. The movie _____ by millions of people worldwide.
1. People say that he is very wealthy. (Transform using "It is said...")
2. They believe the missing painting _____ (steal) last week.
3. The bridge _____ (repair) at the moment, so we can't cross it.
4. All the invitations _____ (send) by tomorrow evening.
5. The decision _____ (make) without consulting us.
Direct Speech: She said, "I am tired."
Reported Speech: She said that she was tired.
| Type | Direct Speech | Reported Speech | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Statements | He said, "I am happy." | He said that he was happy. | say/tell + that + statement |
| Yes/No Questions | She asked, "Are you coming?" | She asked if/whether I was coming. | ask + if/whether + statement |
| Wh-Questions | He asked, "Where do you live?" | He asked where I lived. | ask + wh-word + statement |
| Commands/Orders | She said, "Close the door!" | She told me to close the door. | tell/order + object + to + infinitive |
| Negative Commands | He said, "Don't be late!" | He told me not to be late. | tell/order + object + not to + infinitive |
| Requests | She said, "Please help me." | She asked me to help her. | ask/request + object + to + infinitive |
| Suggestions | He said, "Let's go home." | He suggested going home. | suggest + -ing / suggest + that + should |
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | Simple Past | "I work here" → He said he worked there |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | "I'm reading" → She said she was reading |
| Simple Past | Past Perfect | "I went home" → He said he had gone home |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | "I have seen it" → She said she had seen it |
| Will | Would | "I will call you" → He said he would call me |
| Can | Could | "I can swim" → She said she could swim |
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
|---|---|
| I, me, my, mine | he/she, him/her, his/her, his/hers |
| you, your, yours | I/they, my/their, mine/theirs |
| this, these | that, those |
| here | there |
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
Common reporting verbs: say, tell, ask, explain, suggest, promise, warn, admit, deny, claim
• Say: He said that he was busy.
• Tell: She told me that she would be late.
• Ask: They asked if I could help them.
• Suggest: He suggested that we should go home.
Yes/No Questions:
Direct: "Are you coming?" → Reported: He asked if/whether I was coming.
Wh-Questions:
Direct: "Where do you live?" → Reported: She asked where I lived.
1. Mary said: "I will finish my project tomorrow."
2. John asked: "Can you help me with this?"
3. She said: "I have been living here for five years."
1. The teacher said: "Don't talk during the exam!"
2. She asked: "Where did you buy this dress?"
3. He said: "Please call me later."
4. Mom said: "Let's have pizza for dinner."
1. "Why don't we go to the park?" she suggested. (Report the suggestion)
2. "I'm sorry I broke your vase," he said. (Report the apology)
3. "You should see a doctor," she advised him. (Report the advice)
4. "Did you remember to lock the door?" he asked me.
5. "I'll definitely call you tomorrow," she promised.
Complete the exercises to track your progress!